PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

1.  BLOOD: Composition of blood (RBC, WBC and Platelets), Functions and Genesis of the formed elements,

                     I.        Fate of Red Blood cells,

                   II.        Jaundice,

                  III.        Reaction of Blood,

                 IV.        Blood groups,

                  V.        Rh factors,

                 VI.        ESR Blood volume,

               VII.        Functions of Spleen,

             VIII.        Blood coagulation,

                 IX.        Hemophilia.

                  X.        Anemia classification

2.  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Properties of the cardiac muscle. Origin and conduction of the heartbeat.

Cardiac cycle.

                     I.        ECG.

                   II.        Heart sounds.

                  III.        Cardiac output.

                 IV.        Stroke volume and heart rate.

                  V.        Nerve supply of the Heart.

                 VI.        Coronary, Pulmonary, and skin circulation.

               VII.        Blood pressure,

             VIII.        Vasomotor system.

                 IX.        Arterial pulse.

                  X.        Venoas pulse,

                 XI.        Capillary circulation.

               XII.        Axon reflex,

             XIII.        Triple response.

            XIV.        Hemorrhage.

             XV.        Circulatory changes in exercise.

            XVI.        Composition and circulate of lymph.

         XVII.        Hemorrhage & Shock.

 

 

3.  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

                     I.        Mechanics of respiration.

                   II.        Intrathoracic, Intrapulmonary pressure,

                  III.        Pulmonary ventilation.

                 IV.        Lungs volume and capacities.

                  V.        Composition of Inspired Air, Expired Air and Alveolar Air, Carriage of O2 and CO2 by the blood.

                 VI.        Regulation of breathing-(Nervous & Chemical control).

              VII.        Respiratory changes in exercise, Pneumonias, eh. Emphysema, Bronchial Asthma.

4.  SKIN:

                     I.        Structure,

                   II.        Functions of skin,

                  III.        Temperature regulation by Skin.

5.  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

                     I.        Mastication,

                   II.        Deglutation,

                  III.        Digestive juices saliva, Gastric juice, pencreatic juice.

                 IV.        Bile and intestinal juices; their composition, Functions and mechanism of secretion.

                  V.        Movements of the stomach and intestines.

                 VI.        Functions of large intestine.

               VII.        Defecation.

             VIII.        Functions of liver and gall bladder.

6.  URINARY SYSTEM: Urine formation-composition of urine-GFR Urea clearance. Formation of concentrated and diluted urine.

7.  PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential.

8.  NERVOUS SYSTEM:

                     I.        Spinal reflexes.

                   II.        Reflex regulation of movement and posture.

                  III.        Cerebral cortex functions.

                IV.        Voluntary movements.

                  V.        Descending tracts of spinal cord.

                 VI.        Basal ganglia, Cerebellum.

               VII.        Autonomic Nervous system.

             VIII.        Thalamus.

                IX.        CSF.

9.  SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses.

10.              ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone, Nature of different types of hormones and Mechanism of action of hormones.

                     I.        Pituitary Hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.

                   II.        Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxocdene.

                  III.        Para thyriod Hormone.

                 IV.        Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis.

                  V.        Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease.

                 VI.        Sex Hormones: Male Sex Hormone, structure and function. Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Development of secondary characters in females. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.)

HISTOLOGY:

     I.        Underlying principles of histological techniques and staining specific tissues should be explained.

   II.        Staining of paraffin and frozen sections will be given to the students.

  III.        Most of the teaching should be done on stained and mounted sections and every type of normal tissue will be covered.