PHARMACOGNOSY-II

PHARMACOGNOSY-II

1.   SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUTIONS:

a)   Chromatography

b)   Adsorption Chromatography and

c)   Partition Chromatography.

2.   CARBOHYDRATES:

a)   Introduction of carbohydrate

b)   Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs:

                                     I.        Sucrose,

                                   II.        Dextrose,

                                  III.        Liquid glucose,

                                 IV.        Fructose,

                                  V.        Lactose,

                                 VI.        Xylose,

                               VII.        Caramel,

                             VIII.        Honey,

                                 IX.        Starch,

                                  X.        Inulin,

                                 XI.        Dextrine.

c)   Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives:

                                     I.        Purified cotton,

                                   II.        Powder cellulose,

                                  III.        Microcrystalline cellulose,

                                 IV.        Methyl cellulose,

                                  V.        Sodium Carboxy-methyl cellulose.

d)   Gums and Mucilages:

                                     I.        Tragacenth,

                                   II.        Acacia,

                                  III.        Sodium Alginate,

                                 IV.        Agar,

                                  V.        Pectin.

3.   GLYCOSIDES:

Introduction,

Classification

Chemistry and medicinal uses of:

Cardioactive glycosides:

a)   Digitalis,

b)   Strophanthus and

c)   White squill.

Anthroquinone glycosides:

a)   Cascara,

b)   Aloe,

c)   Rhubarb,

d)   Cochineal and

e)   Senna.

Saponin glycosides:

a)   Glycyrrhiza,

b)   Sarsaparilla.

Cyanophore glycosides:

a)   Wild cherry.

Isothiocyanate glycosides:

Black Mustard.

Lactone glycosides:

Cantharide.

Aldehyde glycosides:

Vanilla.

Miscellaneous glycosides:

a)   Gentian,

b)   Quassia,

c)   Dioscorea.

4.   TANNINS:

Introduction, classification, properties and chemical identity tests of Tannins and Tannin containing compounds.

Detailed study of:

a)   Hammamelis,

b)   Catechu and

c)   Nut Galls.

5.   VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS):

Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:

Hydrocarbon volatile oils:

                                     I.        Cubeb

                                   II.        Terpentine oil.

Alcoholic volatile oils:

                                     I.        Peppermint,

                                   II.        Coriander

                                  III.        Cardamom.

Aldehydic volatile oils:

                                     I.        Bitter orange peel,

                                   II.        sweet orange peel,

                                  III.        lemon,

                                 IV.        cinnamon

                                  V.        Bitter almond oil.

Ketonic volatile oils:

                                     I.        Camphor,

                                   II.        spearmint,

                                  III.        caraway,

                                 IV.        Buchu

Phenolic volatile oils:

                                     I.        Clove,

                                   II.        Thyme.

Phenolic ether volatile oils:

                                     I.        Fennel,

                                   II.        Anise,

                                  III.        Myristica.

Oxide volatile oils:

                                     I.        Eucalyptus,

                                   II.        chenopodium.

Ester volatile oils:

                                     I.        Rosemary.

Miscellaneous volatile oils:

                                     I.        Allium,

                                   II.        Anethum.

6.   RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION:

Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.

Resins:

                                     I.        Rosin,

                                   II.        Cannabis.

Glycoresins:

                                     I.        Podophyllum,

                                   II.        Jalap,

                                  III.        Ipomoea,

                                 IV.        Colocynth.

Oleoresins:

                                     I.        Terpentine,

                                   II.        Capsicum,

                                  III.        Ginger.

Oleo-gum resins:

                                     I.        Asafoetida,

                                   II.        Myrrh.

Balsams:

                                     I.        Storax,

                                   II.        Peruvian balsam,

                                  III.        Tolu balsam,

                                 IV.        Benzoin.

7.   ALKALOIDS:

Introduction, Properties, Classification,

Function of alkaloids in plants,

Methods of extraction and

Identification tests.

Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids:

                                     I.        Areca nut,

                                   II.        Lobelia,

                                  III.        Tobacco.

Tropane Alkaloids:

                                     I.        Belladonna,

                                   II.        Hyoscyamus,

                                  III.        Stramonium.

Quinoline Alkaloids:

                                     I.        Cinchona.

Isoquinoline Alkaloids:

                                     I.        Ipecacuanha,

                                   II.        Opium.

Indole alkaloids:

                                     I.        Rauwolfia,

                                   II.        catharanthus,

                                  III.        nux vomica,

                                 IV.        physostigma,

                                  V.        Ergot.

Imidazole alkaloids:

                                     I.        Pilocarpus.

Steroidal alkaloids:

                                     I.        Veratrum.

Alkaloidal amines:

Ephedra,

Colchicum.

Purine Bases:

Tea,

Coffee.

8.   LIPIDS:

Introduction. Detailed study of:

Fixed Oils:

                                     I.        Castor oil,

                                   II.        Cotton seed oil,

                                  III.        Olive oil,

                                 IV.        Peanut oil,

                                  V.        Sun flower oil,

                                 VI.        Corn oil,

                               VII.        Coconut oil,

                             VIII.        Almond oil,

                                 IX.        Linseed oil,

                                  X.        Mustard oil,

                                 XI.        Sesame oil and

                               XII.        Soybean oil.

Fats and Related Compounds:

Theobroma oil

Lanolin.

Waxes:

Bees wax,

Carnauba wax,

Spermaceti

Jojoba oil.

9.   TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT:

Detailed study of various anti-tumor agents isolated from plants.